The Role Of Traditional Management Accounting Techniques

While the traditional management accounting techniques may have contributed to planning, controlling and decision making processes at the nation state level, the requirements of globalisation in which nation states now compete for survival in the global market rather than state market, has rendered traditional techniques obsolete and therefore calls for the mobilisation of modern techniques of management accounting. It also calls for the service of accountants with modern management accounting techniques for a successful implementation. Required: Critically examine the above statements by analysing the contribution of traditional management accounting techniques in an organisation, the necessity for modern management accounting techniques and the role of accountants in the implementation of the modern management accounting techniques in an organisation. 1. Introduction Management accounting is a political technology, constantly evolving to meet demands of stakeholders of a company and to facilitate competitive advantage. A management accountant acts as a tool to devise and implement strategies. Pre-1920, decision-making processes were executed using strictly financial instruments such as cost profit analysis. â€Å"The growth of modern corporation, between 1880 and 1925 provided stimulus for development in innovative management accounting practices† (Kaplan, 1984). Due to the prominence of the world trade organisation and international monetary fund, trade barriers haveShow MoreRelatedSection 1.1: Aim Of Report. This Report Will Briefly Go1157 Words   |  5 Pagesseparate but connected topics, the first being the past and present role of a management accountant and how changes in the industry will then affect the future role of a management accountant. 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This essay will elaborate the understanding and analyzing of work done by CIMA and some other surveyors in relation to this field. Secondary part wi ll beRead MoreManagement Practices Traditional vs Modern Innovative997 Words   |  4 PagesManagement Practices Traditional vs Modern Innovative In last many years, few management accounting innovations has been developed. Managers have to make decision on a daily basis as well make decisions regarding the future and how to survive and grow in an energetic market place with ever growing uncertain circumstances. Traditional or modern management accounting system give relevant information to all levels of management, financial and other information to make decisions about planning, controlRead MoreActivity Based Costing1107 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach to planning and managing the costs. ABC is a process to identify the costs of all activities and allocating, applying, assigning or tracing costs to products. Activity based costing is a costing technique, tool, system, mechanism or approach. It may be used in addition to the current traditional system or used in place of it. This will enable the new system to be applied consistently so that the opportunity to revert to old ways is limited. Activity based costing is aims to co st the productsRead MoreThe Role Of Management Accounting And Management1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe development of management accounting and management accountants in much of society have been changed. In this paper, we will discuss the hybridisation and change in nature and role of management accounting and management accountants. 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Baldvinsdottir et al. (2010) argues that the concept of ‘new’ management accountants is just modern day attempt to cast of the old stereotypes of management accountants being ‘dull’ and ‘boring’ and trying to market them as something new and exciting. However, Burns Baldvinsdottir (2007) suggest that the roles of a management accountant have indeed changed

Duck Farming free essay sample

How to Raise Ducks †¦ 1 2. Advantages of Raising Ducks There are several reasons why Filipino farmers should raise ducks in their farms or backyards. Consider the following: Good source of protein. Duck raising provides meat and eggs for the family. Duck eggs are nutritious and provide needed protein for the family. Duck meat can be cooked in even more ways than chicken and is an excellent addition to the family diet. More economical. A farm family will have a daily supply of eggs, and you will be able to sell any surplus eggs for additional income. More practical. Duck raising is more practical for a small backyard project than raising chickens. Ducks are productive for a longer period of time than chickens. You will need to replace your layers only once every 18 months in order to keep production high. This means saving on the cost of replacement stock. Generally, you have to replace your laying flock only twice every three years. Don’t require elaborate pens. The birds do not require any elaborate housing with a multitude of windows, dropping-boards, perches, and nest boxes. Generally, you can keep in ducks in simple sheds at night and let them loose during the day. Rarely affected with diseases. Ducks are very rarely afflicted with coccidiosis, and when this disease strikes, its effects are not as bad as on chickens. The ducks are also not as frequently affected by such fowl diseases as fowl pest and bacillary white diarrhea. Require little labor. Ducks lay their eggs at night or early in the morning, so eggs can be collected in the morning before letting the ducks loose to range during the day. How to Raise Ducks †¦ 2 3. Popular Breeds of Ducks There are several breeds of ducks raised in the country. The Philippine duck (Pateros), the Khaki Campbell, and the Indian Runner are excellent egglayers. For meat production, raise either Peking or Muscovy. There is little purebred breeding stock available in the Philippines and most of the ducks a farmer will be able to purchase will be ducks that are crossed or upgraded. The Philippine Duck This is the most common breed of duck being raised in the country, thus its name. Most Filipinos call it â€Å"itik† or Pateros duck. This breed is a good layer but is a non-sitter. Its plumage is either black, brown, or gray or various color combinations. The average weight of this duck is 1. 5 kilograms; the drake, or male, is 1. 75 kilgrams. Egg production rate, is 175 per laying year. The Khaki Campbell Duck Originally from England, this a cross between the Fawn and White Runner, the Roven, and Mallard ducks. It was introduced here in 1956 by the Bureau of Animal Industry. The males have brownish-bronze lower backs, tail coverts, head, and neck; the rest of the plumage is dull brown. The bill is green and the legs and toes, dark-orange. The female has a seal-brown head and neck, the rest of the feathers and dull brown. The adult duck weighs 1. 80 kilograms, the drakes, 2. 10 kilograms. This breed is a good layer: it lays as many as 300 eggs per laying year. The eggs are fairly large, thick-shelled, and weigh about 70 to 75 grams each. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 3 The Indian Runner Duck This is from the East Indies, but its egg-producing capabilities were developed in Europe. It is classified into three recognized varieties: Pencilled, White, and Fawn-and-White. However, these varieties have one thing in common: their feet and shanks are either orange or reddish orange. Generally, the Indian Runner duck is a small, hard-feathered duck with an upright carriage and active habits. Its body is elongated and somewhat cylindrical; the legs are set very far back. The adult duck weighs about 1. 80 kilograms; the drake, 2. 10 kilograms. Egg production rate is 225 per laying year. The Peking Duck A native of China, this duck was improved in North America and Europe. It has a white body and orange bill, legs and feet. The Peking duck has a large, round head; its body is broad, of medium length and without any indication of keel, except a little between the legs. Peking ducks grow twice as fast as chickens. A bird can weigh 2. 50 kilograms in seven to eight weeks. They are also hardy and resistant to most diseases. The main problem with the Peking duck is its low hatchability. At one time this breed was very popular in the Philippines, but it lost much of its popularity because of low hatchability. Its egg production rate is only 200 per laying year. The Moscovy Duck This duck is sometimes mistaken for a goose. It is a grazer, eating grass and laying eggs just like a goose. This is a common duck in Central and South America and the West Indies. A native of Brazil, it is now very popular around the world – even in Australia. In the Philippines, it is now called â€Å"pato. † Like the itik, it requires minimal care and feed and can fend for itself. However, here is a word of caution: The Muscovy duck is armed with very long and sharp talon-like claws that could open up your wrist or hand. If a raiser must handle this bird, he should grasp it firmly by the wings where they join the body, and by the neck. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 4 He needs to keep out of the way of its claws. The adult duck weights about 2. 30 kilograms; the drake, 4. 60 kilograms. Egg production is 125 per laying year. The Muscovy is an excellent mother and can be used to hatch eggs of other egg-type ducks. The young Muscovy are excellent for food, but the older birds have a â€Å"musty† taste. Muscovy ducks should be raised in areas where the food supply is limited and where duck technology is not well developed because the Muscovy is the hardiest of all farm poultry. How To Raise Ducks 5 4. Selecting the Right Breed Two Classes of Ducks There are two classes of ducks which farmers can raise: egg class and meat class. In the Philippines most ducks are raised for eggs which are consumed by the family or made into balut and penoy. Balut – a hard-cooked 18-day incubated duck egg – is regarded as a delicacy by most Filipinos. Salted eggs – known as maalat or itlog na pula – are also very popular. Meat class ducks, also known as green ducks, are raised commercially only on a limited scale, but with the introduction of the Peking duck in the Philippines the meat class ducks are becoming more popular. The first thing you must do in duck raising is to select the right breed to raise. As on expert puts it: â€Å"Choosing an appropriate breed will play an important role in the success and failure of the duck project. † Unfortunately novices often assume that a duck is a duck, and just acquire the first web-footed, quacking bird they find. This mistake frequently results in expensive eggs or meat, problems, and a discouraged duck raiser. Investing a little time at the outset in acquainting yourself with the basic characteristic attributes and weaknesses of the various breeds will go a long way toward eliminating unnecessary disappointments. The following questions will help you identify the needed features of birds for your flock: Purpose. What is your main purpose for raising ducks? Is it for eggs, meat, feathers, or a combination of these factors? How To Raise Ducks †¦ 6 Location. Where are you located? Some breeds are noisier than others, a fact which you should take into consideration when neighbors are nearby. Noisy breeds also attract predators. Management. How are you going to manage the flock? Will you confine it to a small pen or allow it to roam in a large area? Availability. What breeds are available in your locality? Some breeds are rare, making them more expensive and difficult to attain. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 7 5. Buying and Managing Ducks Buy breeding stock from reliable duck raisers in your locality. Start with day-old ducklings. But be sure to buy those birds which have the following characteristics: steady legs alert eyes healthy-looking down feathers no physical defects Do not buy ducklings which seem to be â€Å"sleepy. † If you are buying ducklings for egg production, try to purchase from a farmer who has a good egg production from his flock. Sexing Ducklings Separate the males from the females right after you get them from the seller. Male ducklings, unlike day-old chickens, possess a well-developed copulatory organ or penis. To determine the sex, place the ducklings on the palm of the left hand upside down, with the abdomen facing the sexer. Press the thumb of that hand on the abdominal region near the vent with the forefinger resting at the base of the tail. Now, with the right hand middle and forefinger press the tail backward while the thumb of the right hand is used to stretch the vent, thus everting the cloaca. In the male, a tiny projection of the sex organ (which looks the tip of a ballpoint pen) is exposed to view; in the females this is absent. The distinguishing mark will appear only when the technique is right. (See illustration on next page. ) How To Raise Ducks †¦ 8 SEXING DUCKLINGS How To Raise Ducks †¦ 8A Critical Periods The most critical period in the life of ducklings is the first three weeks. The ducklings are very nervous during this period. A slight disturbance would cause them to stampede and crowd in a corner thus resulting in the death of the weaker ones. It is, therefore, important to approach them with care during this period. Unnecessary disturbance must be avoided. When your ducklings show signs of sickness, give them a solution of three tablespoons of Noxal in one gallon of water for two to three days. Withdraw medication for three days, then give it again for another three days. Terramycin can also be used. Simply follow the instructions on the drug package. To prevent avian pest, immunize your ducklings with avian pest vaccine which is obtainable from the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI). How To Raise Ducks †¦ 9 6. Brooding Brooding is the process of providing ducklings with outside heat to assist them in maintaining their body temperature. Egg class ducks like the Philippine duck, the Khaki Campbell, and the Indian Runner are non-sitters, thus, it is necessary for the ducklings to be brooded artificially or to use a mother hen or Muscovy duck. Two Systems of Artificial Brooding There are two systems of brooding ducklings artificially: litter floor brooding and wire or slat floor brooding. The former is used in large pen brooding. Litter is the material placed on top of concrete or dirt floors of duck pens. Common litter materials used are rice hulls, wood shavings, chopped rice straw, ground corn cobs, and other similar materials. These are spread on the floor of the brooding pen, and the ducklings are kept on the floor of the pen. Wire or slat floor brooding could be a whole pen, a cage, or a battery brooder. This is different from the litter system because its floor is not covered with litter materials. However, during the first few days, the slat or wire floor is lined with paper or other similar materials to conserve heat and to provide a feeding area right where the ducklings would stay. Construct a simple shed-type house to be used as a brooder. It should be draft-free and keep the ducklings warm and dry at all times. It should also protect them from predators and the elements. Proper ventilation is essential in brooding. However proper ventilation does not mean exposing ducklings to rain and strong winds. In a brooder house with wire mesh or slat walls, provide curtains made of empty sacks or burlap at the sides of the house. Empty feed bags will serve this purpose. You may raise or lower the curtains depending on weather conditions. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 10 Natural Brooding The oldest brooder, still used particularly in most backyards, is the mother hen and/or Muscovy duck. These furnish from their bodies the additional heat needed by the ducklings. This method, which is rarely used in commercial-scale production, is the natural way of brooding ducklings and is most practical for the backyard producer. But in all commercial duck farms, the Muscovy duck has been replaced by artificial brooders. While a Muscovy duck can brood at most only about 15 ducklings, artificial brooders can be used for hundreds of ducklings at a time. Today, there are many types of artificial brooders. They vary in design, fuel used to supply heat, and size. Some brooders can accommodate 50 ducklings while others can brood as many as several thousand at a time. Classification of Brooders Gapuz (1973) classified brooders according to source of heat: Electricity: This is the most common source of heat in brooders. Incandescent bulbs with or without hovers are generally used. A 50-watt bulb raised about 6 inches from the brooder floor can give enough heat for 50 ducklings. You can use an aluminum basin as a hover. The hover directs the heat and reflects the light to the ducklings. The electric heater-type brooder uses a resistant coil built with a hover. Heat is generated in the resistant coil. A thermostat automatically regulates brooder temperature. A recent development in artificial brooders is the use of infrared electric bulbs. The infrared brooder consists of 4 large heat bulbs mounted on a disc about a foot in diameter. This is hung from the ceiling and the rays from the bulbs warm the ducklings. A thermostat automatically puts off two bulbs at a time when the desired temperature is reached. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 11 BROODING DUCKLINGS How To Raise Ducks †¦ 11A Since it has no hover, the infrared heater has the advantage of being light and moveable. Also you can easily observe dead ducklings, trampling, and other behavior of ducklings even from outside the brooding pens. This method is not very popular, however, because of the very high cost of infrared bulbs. Kerosene: If there is no electricity in your place, you can use kerosene lamps as the source of heat. You can easily brood 30 or more ducklings with an ordinary kerosene lamp with a glass casing. The temperature can be raised or lowered by adjusting the wick. There are commercially manufactured kerosene brooders equipped with supply tank, thermostat, and hover. When you use kerosene brooders, be sure that the brooding pen is adequately ventilated. You will notice that in commercially manufactured brooders, there are holes on the hover directly above the flame. These holes allow carbon monoxide fumes to escape. A large amount of these fumes inside the brooder is very harmful to ducklings. Watch out, too, for tanks that leak and for spilled kerosene. The open flame in this type of brooder is a fire hazard especially if you practice litter-floor brooding. Charcoal or Wood and Rice Hulls: In places where electricity or kerosene is expensive or not readily available, you can improvise a heater or stove out of a can, charcoal or wood, and rice hulls. This is how you make this heater: Get a large empty kerosene or paint can and punch small holes around it. Hang the can about 8 inches from the floor. Put burning charcoal or wood inside and gradually add rice hulls until the can is full. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 12 Be sure, however, that ducklings have enough space in which to draw away in case the can becomes too hot. This type of brooder requires a lot of work. Also, there is the risk that burning may drop to the floor and start a fire. Because of this danger, charcoal heaters are not recommended for use in littered pens. When brooding ducklings, the temperature should be 95 degrees Fahrenheit in the first week, 85 degrees Fahrenheit in the second week, 75 degrees Fahrenheit in the third week, and 70 degrees Fahrenheit in the succeeding weeks. The behavior of the ducklings is a good indicator or whether the brooding temperature is right. They huddle close together when the temperature is low; they scatter or spread out when it is too hot. If you’re having trouble deciding how much floor space to allow for each duckling in the brooder, Table 2 will help you. TABLE 2 Recommended Minimum Floor Space per Duckling in the Brooder Age (in weeks) Day-old to one 1-2 2-3 3-4 Floor space per bird (in sq. meters) 0. 03 0. 05 0. 07 0. 09 Source: The Philippines recommends for Duck Raising 1977. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 13 7. Housing and Other Facilities Site Selection Although raising ducks near bodies of fresh water like creeks, rivers, lakes, or irrigation canals is ideal because of the natural food that is available, it’s not a requisite. Duck raising experts say that the bird only expends more energy (and, consequently, requires more nourishment) in swimming. Moreover, bodies of water are susceptible to pollution. The Duck House Build duck houses using easily available and cheap materials such as bamboo, ipil-ipil, kakawate, coconut wood, nipa shingles, cogon or talahib. Construct a one-compartment shed with only the front side open. This side may face the body of water in your area and serve as the entrance for the flock and its caretaker. Fence an open area in front of the shed to serve as the flock’s feeding – playing space. If you do not have a body of water, you may provide clay or plastic water tubs or concrete ponds for the ducks to swim or wade in. In you’d prefer the latter, it should measure about 10 by 8 feet, with water two feet deep, for a flock of about 50 ducks. Elevate the floor of the shed at least 15 centimeters higher than the level of the ground in the feeding area, then cover it with a 10-centimeter layer of rice hull litter. Always keep the litter dry and replace it as often as possible. Old hulls can be composted and used as fertilizer for your farm or garden. Ducks should be housed in groups based on age to facilitate management and to avoid the quarrels common among ducks of different ages. Old ducks tend to bully out young ones from feeding troughs. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 14 DUCK FIXTURES How To Raise Ducks †¦ 14A Fixtures The following fixtures are needed in raising ducks: Nests: Ducks make temporary nests in the litter and nest boxes are not essential; however, to produce cleaner eggs they may be provided with simple communal nests along the wall. Muscovy ducks particularly should be provided with nests. Watering Troughs: It is recommended that watering troughs be placed above wire flooring or screen-drained (putting screen above the ground level) if placed inside the house. This is to prevent the floor from becoming wet. It is recommended that water be made available at all times. Waterers should be near the feed trough as the ducks have the habit of gulping the feed and running to the waterer to wash the feed down their crop. Feeding Troughs: There are various kinds of feeders. Select the kind that will best suit your purpose. The design should be adapted to the housing need. The construction should avoid wastage of feed. You can make feeding troughs of bamboo. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 15 8. Feeds and Feeding The primary function of feed is to help maintain life. The feed that is supplied – whether it be vegetable, animal or mineral in origin – is transformed into something useful to the body. In other words, the feed must be able to supply materials needed for the manufacture of the different tissues and organs of the body of the ducks, as well as those for building up energy needed in the proper functioning of the different organs concerned in the complicated processes of living. In addition, there should be excess materials so that the ducks can reproduce. Because no one feed can supply all of these materials in the proper amount and proportion, a number of feeds are combined so that whatever deficiencies one may have can be supplied by others. The Nutrients The constituents of feeds that are needed by ducks are called nutrients. These are (1) water, (2) carbohydrates, (3) protein, (4) minerals, and (5) vitamins. Water: An abundant supply of water is essential for maximum egg production and growth. Lack of water affects digestion and feed efficiency. When water supply is deficient or irregularly given, egg production goes down immediately. Water softens feed and aids in the digestion, absorption, and transport of feed nutrients. It cools the body and equalizes body temperature. Carbohydrates: These constitute the bulk of poultry feeds. They are the energy source which is essential to supply body heat. All of kinds of feedstuff rich in starch, sugar, and fat are good sources of carbohydrates. The principal sources of energy for feeding ducks are grains or cereals of all kinds. For example, corn and its by-products, rice and its by-products, and sorghum. Fats and oils from both animal and plant sources are concentrated sources of energy. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 16 Protein: Second in bulk among the nutrients for duck feeding, it is essential for building of body tissues. It is very important for both growth and reproduction. Minerals: This group of nutrients is essential to growth and reproduction. Bone formation is impossible without minerals. Eggs will be laid without any shell in the absence of calcium. The minerals needed by poultry are calcium, chloride, iron, sodium, iodine, copper, sulfur, zinc, manganese magnesium, selenium, molybdenum, and fluorine. Of these minerals, only calcium and phosphorus are needed in large amounts, and they must be supplied in concentrate form in the diet. Vitamins: These are food nutrients needed in very small quantities but essential to life. They are grouped into the fat soluble and the water-soluble one. The former is represented by vitamins A, D, E and K. The latter group includes all the vitamin B-complex such as thiamin or vitamin B-1, riboflavin, niacin, (nicotinic acid) pyridoxine (vitamin B6), pantothenic acid, inositol, folic acid, biotin, choline, and vitamin B12. Feeding Practices For backyard duck raising, feed your day-old ducklings with moistened cooked rice to five times in 24 hours for three weeks. Starting on the fifth day, include finely mashed Golden Apple snails in the ration. Increase the quantity of rice as the ducklings grow older. Be sure to provide clean water in the troughs every day. You can also feed your ducklings with a recommended starter ration. Starting on the second month, give the birds tiny snails. Then gradually mix rice bran in the ration until the ducks reach laying age. If the eggs are intended for balut or hatching, place drakes (males) with the layers. Many duck raisers give their ducks concentrate feed ration in mash form. While concentrate feed rations are good for your ducks, they are rather expensive and not recommended for backyard duck raising. Mash is a feed mixture containing ingredients in ground form. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 17 It contains a specified amount of protein and the ingredients are concentrate feedstuffs. They contain all the food nutrients in proper amount and proportion to meet the specific requirement of different classes of ducks. Commercial brands of mashes differ in some ingredients and in the proportion of ingredients. Ration In duck raising, the word ration refers to composition of daily diet of the fowls. There are rations for a number of purposes, such as laying, starting, growing and fattening. The ration should be adapted to the purpose in view; otherwise, there will be unnecessary waste of nutrients. For instance, laying rations should contain more protein. The starting ration may be about the same as laying ration, but the fattening ration differs from either of these in that it is composed largely of carbohydrates and fats. You need to give your ducks a balanced ration †¦ one that furnishes the nutrients in a proportion that will properly and without waste or excess of the nutrients, feed a flock of fowl for a certain length of time. Feeding is very important in raising ducks. It is necessary that a raiser must be familiar with the common feed ingredients that supply each nutrient. Below are the common feed ingredients which can be secured locally. 1. Sources of carbohydrates and fats (energy) a. Rice bran – The composition of rice bran varies according to its kind and quality. The good quality fine rice bran contains about 11 percent protein. It can be a good source of energy. It is usually high in fiber but contains an adequate amount of fat. b. Ground corn – There are two common varieties for feeds: the yellow and the white. Both contain the same amount of energy and protein. The yellow corn, however, contains carotene (pro-vitamin A) which is the precursor or forerunner of vitamin A. This is why some duck raisers prefer or demand yellow corn The ground corn has a crude protein content of 8. 9 per cent. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 18 c. Copra meal – This is the by-product of coconut meat after the oil is extracted. It contains an adequate amount of carbohydrates but is used for its proteins. It has about 21 percent crude protein but is low in the amino acid methionine. 2. Sources of protein a. Fish meal – This is a good source of high-quality protein. On the average, a good fish meal contains 60 to 65 percent protein. It also contains an adequate amount of carbohydrates and fats. The value of fish meal depends upon the amount of protein in it. b. Soybean oil meal – This contains about 44 percent crude protein and is also a good source of energy. This is the only plant protein source that can replace animal protein in the diet of ducks. c. Shrimp meal – This is another good source of protein. It contains about 56 percent crude protein but is low in energy. It may be used as a substitute for fish meal. d. Ipil-ipil leaf meal – This is very common in the country and is considered â€Å"the alfalfa of the Philippines. † It contains about 21 percent protein and is a good source of Vitamin A. e. Snails – An excellent source of protein. It also contains almost all nutrients that ducks need. For further information about snails, read the next chapter. 3. Source of Usually Added Minerals a. Oyster shells and limestone – These two products are good sources of calcium for ducks. b. Bone Meal and rock phosphate – These are the most widely used sources of phosphorus for duck feeding. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 19 c. Salt – Common table salt (sodium chloride) is the most common source of sodium and chloride for poultry. Be sure that the proper amount of salt is given to the fowls. Too much salt is dangerous to them. 4. Vitamin Supplements Vitamin-mineral and antibiotic feed supplements are available in concentrate forms commercially. Compounding of feeds: The most common duck feed ingredients in the country are ground corn, rice bran, copra meal, soybean oil meal, fish meal, ipil-ipil leaf meal, oyster shell powder, bone meal and common table salt. With these feedstuffs you can compound a feed for different classes of birds (ducklings, growing ducks, and layers). In the same way that a carpenter must have a plan before constructing a house, you must have a feed formula before mixing a feed. Formulas are computed so that proper amounts of protein, vitamins, and minerals are included for maximum growth and production. The success of your project greatly depends on the quality of feed you give to your ducks. Tables 3, 4, and 5 are feed formulas recommended by the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) for starter ration, grower ration, and layer ration. TABLE 3. Starter ration (To be given when ducks are 1 day to 6 weeks old). Ingredients Ground corn Rice bran, first class Copra meal Soybean oil meal, 44% Fish meal, 50% Ipil-ipil leaf meal Oyster shell powder Bone meal Salt How To Raise Ducks †¦ Volume (kilograms) 40 15 4. 5 20 10 5 1 1 0. 5 20 TABLE 4. Grower ration (To be given when ducks are 6 weeks old and above). Ingredients Ground corn Rice bran, first class Copra meal Soybean oil meal, 44% Fish meal, 50% Dried whey Ipil-ipil leaf meal Oyster shell powder Bone meal Salt Volume (in kilograms) 45 15 4. 5 15 10 2 5 2 1 0. 5 TABLE 5. Layer ration Ingredients Ground corn Rice bran Soybean oil meal Copra meal Fish meal Ipil-ipil leaf meal Oyster shell powder Bone meal Salt Volume (in kilograms) 40 20 10 10 7. 5 5 4 1 0. 5 In addition to these mixed feeds, you can also feed your ducks plenty of chopped green leaves like kangkong, camote, and cassava. Give each duck at least 10 grams of chopped green leaves every day. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 21 Ducks can also be fed with fresh Golden Apple snails. Studies at the MBRLC show that Golden Apple snails in the ducks’ diet help increase egg production. Read Chapter 9 for a ration using snails. For a complete, all purpose feed for your ducks, the MBRLC recommends the following ration: TABLE 7. All purpose feed ration. Ingredients Binlid Tiki-tiki, first class Ipil-ipil leaf meal Soybean oil meal Copra meal Meat and bone meal Shell powder (lime) Salt Afsillin Volume (in kilograms) 30 34 4 15 8 7 2 0. 50 0. 25 You can modify this formula by substituting some of its ingredients with locally available feeds such as chopped kangkong, crushed snails and grated coconut. You can substitute kangkong for ipil-ipil and soybean oil meal, grated coconut for copra meal, snails for meat and bone meal or fish meal and shell powder. You can also reduce feed costs by practicing field pasturing. This involves bringing laying flocks to fields where rice has just been harvested and letting the ducks loose to feed on fallen rice grain, grass seed, snails, and insects. Depending on the length of the rice harvest, the ducks may stay on pasture for as long as one month. A raiser may keep transferring his birds from one harvested area to another. He can drive the ducks into improvised enclosures at night. In the morning he can gather the eggs before driving the flocks back to the fields. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 22 9. The Importance of Snails in Duck Raising Duck raising is often located along bodies of fresh water because snails are readily available. In places where snails are plentiful, the feeding of ducks is very simple. Snails contain almost all the nutrients that ducks need. Snail meat provides protein and its fat gives energy. The shell contains calcium, phosphorus, vitamins, and minerals. Ducks fed with good quality snails have a very high egg production rate. A problem that has plagued duck raisers even in the old days is the scarcity of snails at certain times of the year, particularly during the rainy season. On rainy days, the water becomes cloudy and rises to a level that makes gathering snails virtually impossible. Snails gathered at this time are generally of poor quality; the gatherer also gets a lot of empty or dead snails. When fed to ducks, dead snails could cause effects similar to poisoning. In the past, the raisers were confident that they could recover their losses once they got over the scarce period, which did not last for more than three months. 1) The big demand for balut and red salted eggs has encouraged more people to raise ducks for eggs and meat. The increase in the duck population has contributed to a much larger demand for snails. 2) Many rivers, streams and lakes have been heavily polluted by the residues of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, industrial wastes and waste of people who reside beside these bodies of water. 3) The proliferation of fishpens in lakes and rivers has reduced the snailgathering areas and disturbed the ecology of these bodies of water. 4) Siltation, the occasional inflow of salt water from the seas and the presence of other aquatic animals have contributed to the reduction of the natural snail population. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 23 The introduction of the Golden Apple snail in the country in 1984 was very much welcomed by the duck raisers. A study was made by the Asian Rural Development Foundation to determine if this kind of snail can increase the egg production of ducks. We are feeding our ducks with this formula: crushed Golden Apple snail plus rice bran mixed with broken corn at ratio of one part snail, one part rice bran and one part corn. Some green leaves like kangkong and leguminous cover crops are given at free access. Preliminary results show that these ducks give 60 to 70 percent egg production which are of high quality. For further information about raising Golden Apple snails, turn to Chapter 15. RAISING SNAILS FOR DUCKS How To Raise Ducks †¦ 24 10. Mating Laying Ducks The selection of ducks fo

Mother Culture Essay Sample free essay sample

When. have we as worlds decided that what was to be considered good. and evil. what is being done and what is tolerated? Mother civilization. is what we as worlds make it. This sense of how we are to populate. what things in life we are to value. Who counts in the universe. and who does non. Who instead as a voice and who can non talk. this representation is one portion of female parent civilization. This semblance that greatly influences how we categorize the universe is mother civilization. What is it that differentiates us worlds from our environment? This notation that we can command everything around us for our ain benefit. benefit as a whole society. as an person and what we show deserving towards. this authority female parent civilization has on our lives. We worlds as a society ever want to systematise things. We place these adorations on ownerships. We will write a custom essay sample on Mother Culture Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and thoughts so we put them into orderly small boxes. invariably streaming through our heads. Mother civilization tells us from a really immature age in American society what we are to endeavor for in life. what peculiar things we habitually will idolize above all. Mother civilization may be defined otherwise depending on the person. The environment in which 1 grows and learns has a major function in how you will see the universe. and what you as the person will take to contemplate on. As a whole society we have a female parent civilization. every bit good as the single people within our society. the person may besides hold their ain individual beliefs of what mother civilization conveys to them. To knock what female parent cultures says to many Americans today is to besides dishonor what I have antecedently valued as my ain female parent civilization for many old ages. To the mean American they are about non scruples of their ain female parent civilization. even though they are so greatly dependent on it for their ain personal self-fulfilling prognostications. Mother civilization in America depicts power as something that we all want and need to hold in our ain lives. Power after all is besides a signifier of control ; control of what is around you and for you to experience like something is beneath you ; That you are exceptionally superior to other worlds. and to your environment. You have the power to alter the landscape. to flatten out what fusss you. to alter it and suit your ain personal assessment of what would suit your female parent civilization. Money and greed are a major beginning of power in American civilization. Money can purchase us more than what others have ; greed is to hold more than the others around you. Who truly knows where this portion of our American female parent civilization came from. but it is true that we feel as a society that money is power. Restraints on our freedoms are a trade good that we do non think with. all harmonizing to the typical American female parent civilization. Freedom in and of its ego can be curtailing. To the typical American freedom is everything to us ; the conformity that it exists. and those people have a pick in what is to go on to our society. After all we have a demarcate authorities system. where we the people have the freedom to vote. and ballot for people who we feel represent us in the most exceeding manner. Freedom is where Americans can acquire a sense of position. but many times we can non reflect these same freedoms on to our environment. and the living things among us. Affluence among 1s equals is a important portion of how one shows their representation of mother civilization to the typical American. We as a society have a occupancy to be avaricious to roll up more. and more. even when it is non important to 1s development or endurance. For illustration to the typical American when your neighbour acquires a new boat. so you must get one every bit good. but non the same boat. it has to be one that is newer. bigger. or better in some signifier. I bet if you looked around in the typical Americans family you can happen several things that one â€Å"must have. † but there it sits. stuffed off in a box or drawer or storage unit where you no longer utilize it. Although if person were to inquire you if you have it among your ownerships you say to them â€Å"why yes. † â€Å"yes I do. make you non posses this. † It is of import to maintain up with what others around you have for ownerships. which is what our female parent civilization is stating to many Americans. To be blunt I am non certain where this portion of our female parent civilization cascaded from. Some older coevalss might state that the great depression made people want to salvage everything for fright of neer have ownerships once more. Other coevalss today might state it is from our urgency disposition to hold what we want. and have it delivered to us in an immediate manner with a bow tied to it. When I begin to look at our female parent civilization. I became well repulsed by what our female parent civilizations are stating our society and what is to be admired with high regard. When I began this book my sense of female parent civilization was nonexistent. I contemplated how my cultural environment assembled my givens of the universe I live in. For a brief minute I thought that I was immune to American female parent civilization. I began to pounder. How could person even see being greedy or demoing another individual mercilessness disregard to the environment and the copiousness for all the life all around us. We as a society theoretical account what we see in our milieus. When do we as societies begin to oppugn our female parent civilization. and if we want to set. what our female parent civilization says about our intuitions? On my ain personal single degree female parent civilizations today has a batch of aggression towards one another. I feel like the life next to me no affair the entity. should have every right to a good being as I have. The job commences when I look within myself. yes I have an honored regard for my environment. but how am I demoing that in my day-to-day life. I still drive a auto ; I still consume things that I might non necessitate to. I still hold the American dollar to certain trade goods in my life. My self-belonging in a group is dependent on female parent civilizations credences of my actions. I can merely trust that with one action there is a reaction. I can trust that the reaction will rouse mother civilization. agitate her up a spot. Adjust how we use the universe around us. do we desire to coexist with our milieus. or do we desire to utilize them all up. in making so finally forcing away all life into extinction including humanity. I am neer the individual who sees the glass half empty. I am ever optimistic. and I think through actions speak for themselves. To alter mother civilization is traveling to take many smaller actions. but it is the small actions that add up to do up a whole female parent civilization. â€Å"The universe was given to adult male to turn into a Eden. but he’s ever screwed it up. because he’s basically flawed. He might be able to make something about this if he knew how he ought to populate. but he doesn’t-and he neer will. because no cognition about that is gettable. So. nevertheless difficult adult male might labour to tur n the universe into a Eden. he’s likely merely traveling to travel on sleep togethering it up. † ( Ishmael. page 89. subdivision 6 ) This quotation mark from the book shows you have much religion is in adult male to alter mother civilization. We might hold the labour power to make so. but do we truly have the cognition. Man has some cognition on how to assist the state of affairs we are presently in. It is following to impossible to get all the cognition to make Eden. cognizing what species we need to watch out for when we might non hold even discovered them yet. From this quotation mark though I get the underlining message that the universe will neer be a Eden. even if adult male alterations. That adult male could. and can be better with alteration. but neer to our optimal degree of coexistent within our environment. â€Å"Culture is a female parent everyplace and at every clip. because civilization is inherently a nurturer-the nurturer of human societies and life styles. Among Leaver peoples. Mother Culture explains and preserves a life-style that is healthy and self-sufficient. Among Taker peoples she explains and preserves a life-style that has proven to be unhealthy and suicidal. † ( Ishmael. page 148. subdivi sion 10 ) This quotation mark about female parent civilizations explains how mother civilization is up to the person and the society that they are in what female parent civilization means to them and how it can alter the hereafter or either good or evil. The way that preserves self-sufficient female parent civilization where adult male can associate to his environment and take it into consideration when doing picks in life. The other way is a way that adult male is already begun to get down down a way where adult male thinks the picks he makes does non consequence other life signifiers around him. the selfish way of discomfiture and desperation. You can acquire a sense that Earth will no longer be or if it does will be really black being among the takers. Among the departers life can boom for all life signifiers and they can co-occur together. â€Å"You must alter people’s heads. And you can’t merely root out a harmful composite of thoughts and leave a nothingness behind ; you have to give people something that is every bit meaningful as what they’ve lost-something that makes better sense than the old horror of Man Supreme. floging out everything on this planet that doesn’t function his demands straight or indirectly. † ( Ishmael. Page 249. subdivision 9 ) This impression that adult male needs more incentivizes to get down down a way of self-sustainability is pathetic. Man should wake up and see what is traveling on around him. and how we might finally pass over out everything around us. Leaving the things that we feel serve our humanistic demands. Then after that. what happens? Does adult male go even more selfish. and utilize up what is left of the life that is functioning us? This shows us the universe can turn out to be a really cheerless topographic point where much of life that surrounds us might non be at that place till the terminal. if we keep taking advantage of how we consequence them straight and indirectly. Sad for me is to believe of life lost because I love the Earth around me. Some yearss. I think the Earth has a pulse and it is the sound of all the life on works Earth. We need to maintain the earths bosom whipping and unrecorded well among other life signifiers in order to function the common good and non give the Earth a bosom onslaught.

Psychology Essays

Psychology Essays Psychology Essay Psychology Essay Discussions Name: Course: Date: Chattel 1950 A sentiment structure is deeper, more widely ramifying in the personality, usually established earlier, and accompanied in its function by more emotion Chattel, 1946. It is an environmental-mold source trait because it derives from external social and physical influences. A sentiment is a pattern of learned attitudes that focuses on an important aspect of life, such as persons community, spouse, occupation, religion, or hobby. Attitudes An attitude is more transient and emotionally more superficial. It arises from the impact of a sentiment upon a particular situation Chattel, 1946. Chattel defined attitudes as our interests in our and our emotions and behaviors toward some person, object, or event. As Chattel applied the term, it does not refer exclusively to an opinion for or against something, which is a commonplace usage of the word attitude. Substantiations that within the personality some elements subsidiaries, or are subordinate to, other elements. Attitudes are subsidiary to sentiments; sentiments are subsidiary to ergs. These relationships are expressed by Chattel in what he called the dynamic lattice. Schultz and Schultz 2005 Dynamic Lattice Our motivating forces, the ergs are listed at the right. Sentiments are indicated in the circles at the center of the diagram. Note that each sentiment is subsidiary to one or more ergs. The attitudes, at the left show the persons feelings and behaviors toward an object. Chattels Approach to Personality Traits Traits -TO Chattel, traits are reaction tendencies, derived by the method Of factor analysis, that are rel atively permanent parts of the personality. Common Traits possessed in some degree by all persons. Unique traits Traits possessed by one or a few persons. Us reface traits Traits that show a correlation but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source. Source traits Stable, permanent traits that are the basic factors of personality, derived by the method of factor analysis. Source traits are classified by their origin as either constitutional traits or environmental mold traits. Constitutional Traits Source traits that depend on our physiological characteristics. Environmental- mold traits Source traits that are learned from social and environmental interactions. Source Traits: The Basic Factors of Personality After more than two decades of intensive factor-analytic research, Chattel identified 16 source traits as the basic factors of personality (Chattel, 1965). These factors are best known in the form in which they are most often used, in an objective personality test called the Sixteen Personality Factor (16 PR) Questionnaire According to trait theory, human personality is composed of a number of broad traits or dispositions. Raymond Chattel was able to use a statistical technique known as factor analysis to identify traits that are related to one another. By doing this, he was able to reduce his list to 16 key personality factors. There is a continuum of personality traits. In other words, each person contains all of these 1 6 traits to a certain degree, but they might be high in some traits and low in others. The following personality trait list describes some of the descriptive terms used for each of the 1 6 personality emissions described by Chattel. 16 Personality Factors (1 APP) HIGH SCORES LOW SCORES Stages of Personality Development Chattel proposed six stages in the development of personality covering the entire life span. Stage Age Development Infancy Birth-?engaging; toilet training formation Of ego, superego, and social attitudes Childhood- 6-14 Independence from parents and identification with peers Adolescence 14-23 Conflicts about independence, self-assertion, and sex Maturity 23-?50 Satisfaction with career, ma ridge, and family Late maturity-50-65 Personality changes in response to physical ND social circumstances Old age 65 Adjustment to loss of friends, career, and status Trait Approach STRENGTHS It supports the general image in the society that leaders are a special kind of people who can do extraordinary things. People have a need to see their leaders as gifted people, and the trait approach fulfills this need. WA second strength is that the trait approach has a long research tradition and a significant body of research data that support this approach. V The trait approach focuses only on the leader and analysis very thoroughly this component in the leadership process. The trait approach has given us mom benchmarks for what we need to look for if we want to be leaders. V Descriptive emphasis; assessment; intuitively appealing; involves a lot of research; provides a Way to evaluate attributes Elapsing why many characteristics of people do not change and it allows you to predict some behavior with fair accuracy. The approach is very scientific and has greatly influenced psychology. WEAKNESSES Lack of explanation; measurement of traits is difficult; ignores situational factors; poor reliability due to ones constant change in behavior LAP That in its purest theoretical form it doesnt permit much change and it appears stagnant.

Ethics and Values in the Work Place Research Paper

Ethics and Values in the Work Place - Research Paper Example The discussions about international business ethics are as old as international business itself. Throughout the decades of the 1980s and 1990s business ethics was mainly a branch of learning being trained in business schools and argued by scholars. (Charles, 2003) However, by the end of the 20th century business practitioners deal with numerous intimidating issues. A few more imperative concerns are sheathing yield of production, oppressive societal and narrow costs, dissatisfied and unfaithful staffs, a growing surge of worldwide antagonism, geopolitical turbulence, erratic currency structures, and periodic pressures of inflation, depression, and universal market volatility. A profound acquaintance of values and ethics drive business practitioners, their employees, and their organizations to do what they do might well assist them not only to endure current complexities but also to provoke the influential social and technical streams renovating the global business structure. (Frederi ck, 1995) D'Silva (2007) defines business ethics and values as an ability to distinguish between right and wrong, good and bad etc. Anything one may consider appropriate conscientiously may be regarded as ethical and vice versa. However this simply not enough as stated by D'Silva (2007) values and ethics comprise one's intellects to discriminate between moral and immoral in addition to willingness to facilitate someone in a positive manner. Business Ethics may be an approach of honorable doctrines practiced in the business world globally. It imparts strategies for suitable conduct by corporations not only in the policy formulation but in routine activities as well. A moral attempt has so far become essential in the determination of the reputation of the business and ultimately the success of course. In order to achieve this reliable status, business concerns are now making efforts to prepare and follow ethical codes of conduct decoding into the perceptions of commercial and individual account ability. A Model of Ethical decision making McDevitt, et. al., (2006) have created a model of ethical decision-making that amalgamates the decision making procedure plus the content variables taken into consideration by those coping with ethical problems. The model explains the decision-making procedure in surroundings of disagreements, alternatives and assurance with content variables. An improved interpretation of the procedure will help managers in coming up with strategies that improves the probability of ethical conduct in their firms. External environment Figure 1: Adopted from McDevitt, et. al., (2006) A number of Subject matter variables have been presented by the researchers to elucidate the ethical decision making but here only few are chosen in context with the application. These are individual and situational variables. As Figure 1 demonstrates how individual traits of a person are associated with different situational aspects to reach a final decision. Need of Educating Values and Ethics in Business Schools for Career Development As stated by Cornelius, N. et. al., (2007) in order to meet the call of the day it has become a

Summarize three articles or Web resources from the surveying bodies Term Paper

Summarize three articles or Web resources from the surveying bodies resources, from the studies in this unit, that apply to your - Term Paper Example It was reauthorized in 2009 as Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIPRA). This will run through 2013 and is expected to cover even more uninsured children. This program also is jointly undertaken by the Federal and State governments (CHIPP Policy). A health care professional needs to have a fair knowledge of these three programs to ensure that no needy individual suffers without an appropriate health insurance plan. Department of Health and Human Services. As part of public health and medical services support, the Department of Health and Human Services has guidelines for the First Response in the event of a disaster. Disaster being always a local phenomenon, the local government agency services need to be prepared to respond immediately in the event of a disaster. The state and local authorities will have to coordinate with each other in providing rescue and medical emergency services. If the disaster is beyond the State’s control, the Governor o f the State may ask for support from the Federal Government. Financial and other assistance are provided under the Robert T.Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act).

A Story Review from the 16th Century Essay Example for Free

A Story Review from the 16th Century Essay CHARACTERS: THE KING THE EARL OF CORNWALL SIR HUGH LACY, Earl of Lincoln. ROWLAND LACY, otherwise disguised as HANS, nephew of Sir Hugh Lacy ASKEW, another nephew of Sir Hugh Lacy SIR ROGER OATELEY, Lord Mayor of London. Master HAMMON, Master WARNER and Master SCOTT: Citizens of London. SIMON EYRE, the Shoemaker. ROGER, commonly called Hodge, a Journeyman of Simon Eyre FIRK, another journeyman of Simon Eyre RALPH, another Journeyman of Simon Eyre LOVELL, a courtier. DODGER, servant to The Earl of Lincoln A DUTCH SKIPPER. A BOY. ROSE, daughter of Sir Roger, the love interest of Rowland Lacy SYBIL, the maid of Rose MARGERY, wife of Simon Eyre JANE, wife of Ralph SETTING: London and Old Ford, England, as it happened in the 16th century PLOT DEVELOPMENT: With the different sub-plots evolving in The Shoemaker’s Holiday, the central plot is about the desperate love between Rowland Lacy and Rose Oateley.     And they defied the odds:   Rowland did not obey his uncle the Earl of Lincoln to go to war and Rose rejected the arranged marriage with Master Hammon, who is of wealth and nobility from London.     Sir Roger thought Rowland went to war.   Instead, Rowland apparently went to study shoemaking in Germany. He eventually went back to London; disguised himself as Hans a Dutch shoemaker and worked for Simon Eyre, a shoe shop owner and a real shoemaker.   Rowland and Rose went through the maze of re-discovering each other; plotting ways and means to be secretly married; and surmounting the ire and the vehemence of their respectively opposing families.   With the backdrop of the rise of Simon Eyre from being a simple man to achieving success and wealth, such paved the way for eventual happy conclusion of the fulfillment of the love of Rowland and Rose. SYMBOLISM: The Shoemaker’s Holiday generally illustrated basic features of the paradoxes in life:   unrequited love vis-à  -vis the determination to achieve its fulfillment; difference in social standing vis-à  -vis sustaining integrity of an individual inspite of any variance; applying duplicity and deceit to achieve a noble objective; how success can come and test humanness. In analyzing the various plots of The Shoemaker’s Holiday, Conover (1969) said:   â€Å"Achievement, promotion, advancement of all kinds are pictured in the play. For several of the characters in the play Simon Eyre is instrumental to success. The shoemakers, too, rise up the social scale – and Eyre tells them that opportunity is open to all.   Simon Eyre is, of course, the central example of the opportunities for success.   As he rises from shoemaker to Alderman, rich man, Sheriff, and Lord Mayor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.[though the] main plot has to do with the love of young Lacy and the mayors daughter, most critics consider the Eyre action to be central in the play.† With such positive characteristic of the play, it is interesting to note that the author Thomas Dekker conversely led a nearly unknown life of deprivation.   He was constantly in debt and was in and out of prison for his inability to meet his obligations. As reviewed by The Harvard Classics:   â€Å"The play is full of an atmosphere of pleasant mirth, varied with characteristic touches of pathos; and it contains in the figure of Simon Eyre a creation of marked individuality and hilarious humor. It is striking that the most high-spirited picture of London life in the time of Elizabeth should come from the pen of the author who seems to have been more hardly treated by fortune than any of his contemporaries.†Ã‚   (Eliot, 1909) Indeed the tenor of the story is honest and realistic.   All the struggles that came by have been met with acceptance and resolve:   to surpass and emerge as victorious.   The need to bridge differences and misunderstanding were sought.   The overall intention of the theme of the story is allowing the truth of love and dignity of individuality its own due course. In a review of the Early Modern Theatre of the Theatre Studies Department of Duke University, it was noted that:   â€Å"Fantasy and reality blur, giving the plot a surreal quality that would be appealing as a holiday play: wishes come true and hopes are fulfilled.   However, realities do not completely disappear in this drama, ‘they keep returning, unexpectedly, to interrupt, trouble, and question any easy reading that would entertain by way of ignorance or innocence the real cost of social mobility and fluidity that is necessary in a class-ridden society’†¦..Thomas Dekker wrote a drama for the citizens of London, and incorporated social issues and ideas that citizens would be interested in.† (Duke University, undated) HOW THE STORY REFLECTED THE ASPECTS OF THE 16TH CENTURY† It has been described that:   â€Å"Literary development in the earlier part of the 16th century was weakened by the diversion of intellectual energies to the polemics of the religious struggle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The English part in the European movement known as humanism also belongs to this time. Humanism encouraged greater care in the study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education in such a way as to make literary expression of paramount importance for the cultured person. Literary style, in part modeled on that of the ancients, soon became a self-conscious preoccupation of English poets and prose writers. Thus, the richness and metaphorical profusion of style at the end of the century indirectly owed much to the educational force of this movement. The most immediate effect of humanism lay, however, in the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents, who rejected medieval theological misteaching and superstition.   The school of thought known as humanism, promoted the revival of Greek and Roman artistic and philosophical models that celebrated the worth of the individual.† (MSN Encarta, 2007). Because of a re-invention of the literary style at that time, the common pursuits for greatness and distinctiveness surfaced amongst the writers of that time.   â€Å"The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is often considered to be a golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre flourished and William Shakespeare, among others, composed plays that broke away from Englands past style of plays and theatre.† (Elizabethan Era, http://www.answers.com/topic/elizabethan-era) With such overall characteristics that prevailed during the 16th century, the aura of prosperity and practical domination and excellence in every aspect of life is exemplified in The Shoemaker’s Holiday.  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"London in the 16th century underwent a transformation. Its population grew 400% during the 1500s, swelling to nearly 200,000 people in the city proper and outlying region by the time an immigrant from Stratford came to town. A rising merchant middle class carved out a productive livelihood, and the economy boomed.†Ã‚   (Shakespeare Resource Center, 2008) The Shoemaker’s Holiday indeed encapsulated everything that is real and positive abounding in that period where new leaps in perspective about life and identity emerged. References: 16th Century Literary History.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://classiclit.about.com/od/16thcenturyinliterature/16th_Century_AD_Literary_History.htm Bellinger, M.F. (1927). â€Å"A Short History of the Drama† www.theatredatabase.com/17th_century/shoemakers_holiday.html Conover, J.H. (1969). The Shoemaker’s Holiday:   A Critical Commentary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.geocities.com/magdamun/dekkerconover.html Early Modern Theatre, Theatre Studies Department, Duke University,   www.duke.edu/web/emt/student_projects/prentice/shoemakersholiday.html Eliot, C.W. (1909-14). The Harvard Classics. www.bartleby.com/47/1/. â€Å"Elizabethan England†.   2008.   Shakespeare Resource Centre   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.bardweb.net/england.html â€Å"Elizabethan Era†. http://www.answers.com/topic/elizabethan-era) English Literature, Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007 http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. French Literature, Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007 http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. The Shoemaker’s Holiday:   A Synopsis www.theatredatabase.com/17th_century/shoemakers_holiday.html An Abstract: Rowland Lacy, the nephew of Sir Hugh Lacy, the Earl of Lincoln, and Rose, the daughter of Sir Roger Oateley, the Lord Mayor of London are in love, but their families do not approve.     To separate them, Sir Roger sends Rose to the country, in Old Ford.   Sir Hugh sends Rowland to war in France.   Rowland disobeyed Sir Hugh and instead went to Germany and study shoemaking.   Rowland returns to London.   Disguised as a Dutch shoemaker, Rowland went to Simon Eyre, a shoe shop owner, for work and introduced himself as Hans.   Rowland and Simon sealed a very good friendship because when a cargo shipment at a very good price came up for sale, Rowland gave his war gift money to Simon to purchase the cargo.   This made Simon very wealthy.   Sir Hugh learned that Rowland is not in the war in France.   Meantime, Sir Roger was already arranging the marriage of Rose to Master Hammon, rich nobleman from London.   Rose vehemently refuses to marry Master Hammon. Meanwhile, Simon becomes the Sheriff of London and Sir Roger threw a party celebration for Simon in his house in Old Ford.   Simon and his shoemakers were invited.   During the dancing and merrymaking, Rose suspects that Hans is Rowland – inspite of Rowland talking in gibberish English to safeguard his disguise.   After the celebration, Rose and Sybil went to London.   Sybil asked Hans to take the shoe size of Rose and make a new pair of shoes. While Rowland and Rose are struggling for their love in the story, Simon has a journeyman named Ralph who was also sent to war.   Ralph is married to Jane.   Jane thought Ralph was killed in the war.   So she left off and no one knows of her whereabouts. Jane met Master Hammon – not knowing that a failed marriage arrangement transpired between Master Hammon and Rose.   So, Master Hammon was besotted to Jane and asked her to marry him.   Believing that Ralph is dead, Jane agreed and they were set to marry in St. Faith Church in London.   However, Jane wants the last gift of Ralph, a pair of shoes specially made for her, be duplicated to a brand new one to become her wedding shoes.   Master Hammon obliged and went to the shoe shop of Simon Eyre and ordered the duplication.   Meanwhile, Ralph returned to London because he was hurt in the war and was discharged.   Ralph returned to work with Simon and sadly learned that his wife left him for nowhere.    On that day that the shoe duplication for Jane was ordered, Ralph saw it and was therefore sure that it will lead her to his wife Jane.   Going back to the time when Rowland was taking the shoe size of Rose, Rowland had the chance to quietly and secretly instruct Rose to go to the house of Simon Eyre.   At this time, Simon became the new Mayor of London.   And as such, Simon could marry Rose and Rowland.   Eventually, Rose did so and they finally got married.   Sybil revealed the treachery of Rose and Rowland to Sir Roger and Sir Hugh.   But Sir Roger and Sir Hugh was told that the wedding will take place in the St. Faith Church. Whilst Sir Roger and Sir Hugh were on their way to St. Faith Church to take Rose from Rowland (as Hans), Ralph and with his shoemaker friends are already waiting in the church to take Jane from Master Hammon.  Ã‚   When Sir Roger and Sir Hugh arrived, it was a moment that Jane lovingly recognized her husband Ralph and apologized to Master Hammon for the cancellation of the wedding as she is still in love with Ralph.   Sir Roger and Sir Hugh were disgusted that they were seemingly duped because it was a different wedding that was suppose to transpire that moment.    Sir Hugh and Sir Roger nevertheless learned that Rowland and Rose are already married.   Sir Hugh and Sir Roger appealed to the King to nullify the marriage.   But King who has been enamoured with the antics and humanness of Simon as he treats his shoemaker workers fairly; he remains humble inspite of his wealth – worked out a solution to the enmity between the parents of Rowland and Rose and them.   The King divorced Rowland and Rose and re-married them and declared Rowland a knight just so the issue of differences in social standing come to an end.