Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 1261 Words

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious disorder which affects the child’s neurological and behavior functions and may cause different levels of disability. Autism is a regressive neurodevelopment disorder that impacts social interactions, verbal and nonverbal, as well as negative behaviors. It is a disorder that is connected to abnormal biology and chemistry within the brain. Also, autism appears within the first three years of life. A child can seem developmentally normal and meeting all milestones that are age appropriate and then begins to regress. The ASD is a neurological disorder can have classified to a different level from moderate to severe. According to Reynolds and Miller â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a group of developmental disabilities characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and repetitive behaviors† (166). Actually, the number of children who are diagnosed with autism increases and the Autism Spectrum Disorder becoming one of the fastest growing disorders in the USA. According to Autism statistics from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) â€Å"identify around 1 in 68 American children as on the autism spectrum–a ten-fold increase in prevalence in 40 years. Careful researches show that this increase is only partly explained by improved diagnosis techniques and awareness. Studies also show that autism is four to five times more common among boys than girls. An estimated 1 out of 42 boys and 1 in 189 girlsShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 Pagesin every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person who has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life condition that has no cure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in their communication and theirRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1535 Words   |  7 PagesHow Autism Influences the Interactions with Others There is a little boy that gets up every morning and goes to school. He goes home to his parents after school each day. He eats, sleeps, and plays just like any other child. There is one difference. He sees the world in a unique way than most other children not affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. The boy’s life and actions are a bit different and can be challenging for him. He needs understanding parents, family members, and teachers. Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Dustin S. Staats University of Central Oklahoma â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) formerly known as just Autism, is a disorder that affects about 1 in 68 children here in the United States.† (Facts about ASD) This is a pretty high prevalence and the number is continuing to rise. â€Å"Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant impairments in behavioral, communication, and social aspects of everyday life.†(Facts about ASD). The intellectual functioning ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnoses for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if characteristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder, as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction (ninds.nih.gov). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex developmental disorder and the term ‘spectrum’ was added to the original term simply known as ‘Autism’ due to the wide range of symptoms associated with the disorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe following paper is going to cover the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using research and data collected from various authors and journalists the paper will describe the different variations of autism and discuss the impact autism has on a person- in society, at home, in the classroom, and in their careers. Beginning at infancy, autism has a major impact on not just the child but their family’s life as well. The child’s lack of ability to interpret social cues, gestures, and expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of conditions grouped under the neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published in 2013 (Kress Paylo, 2015). Those who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder must present two types of symptoms: 1) Deficits in social communication and social interaction and 2) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities (APA, 2013). The DSM-5 merged all autism

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Depression - 1353 Words

‘While we all feel sad, moody or low from time to time, some people experience these feelings intensely, for long periods of time (weeks, months or even years) and sometimes without any apparent reason. Depression is more than just a low mood, it s a serious illness that has an impact on both physical and mental health’ (beyondblue, 2014). Depression affects almost everyone once in their life-time. There is more than one type of depression: ‘major depression, chronic depression, and bipolar disorder/manic depression’ (Carson, 2014). ‘Symptoms can range from relatively minor (but still disabling) through to very severe, so it is beneficial to be aware of the different types of disorders and the symptoms that come with it’ (Beyondblue,†¦show more content†¦Many young people believe depression is caused by a single event, or happens overnight, as mentioned above it is combination of events. The common causes of depression are family history (genetics can have an affect), drug and alcohol use, personality, and death of a loved one. A worrying statistic indicates ‘over 500,000 Australians will experience depression and a substance use disorder at the same time, at some point in their lives’ (Beyondblue, 2014) and the unfortunate thing is depression is not a topic anyone wants to talk about especially men who pride themselves on ‘ toughness’. When looking at depression and associating it with the human brain it is still not fully understood how it works, or how there is a connection. ‘Evidence suggests that depression can be related to changes in the levels or activity of certain chemicals – particularly serotonin as serotonin immensely effects an individual’s moods, norepinephrine and dopamine’ (Beyondblue, 2014). To put in simpler terms ‘an article in Harvard Health Publications explains that depression is not caused simply by the level of one chemical being too low and another too high. Rather, several different chemicals that are imbalanced and it causes a fluctuation in chemicals’ (Medicalnewstoday, 2014). ‘A person may be depressed if it has been occurring for more than two week, he or she has felt sad, down or miserable most of the time or has lost interest in usual activities such asShow MoreRelatedDepression Symptoms And Symptoms Of Depression739 Words   |  3 Pages Depression is something that nobody in the universe would want. Depression kills. What is depression? Depression is a mood disorder causing a persistent feeling of sadness and lost of interest. (Depression Symptoms and Warning Signs. Depression Symptoms Warning Signs: How to Recognize Depression Symptoms and Get Effective Help. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.) Some symptoms you can get while having depression includes feeling hopeless and helpless, you lose interest in friends, activities, etcRead MoreDepression : Symptoms And Symptoms1545 Words   |  7 PagesDepression is a well-known disease all around the world. Everyone thinks that they know what depression is. They deduce that depression is just about being sad, that anyone with it can just be happy whenever they want, and it comes without any symptoms. That s not what depression is. It s way more complex and complicated than that. Depression is an illness that really affects the brain and the person suffering from it. What is depression? Depression is a serious mood disorder that causes a constantRead MoreDepression : Symptoms And Symptoms2066 Words   |  9 PagesDepression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. It affects every aspect of a person’s life from the way they think and behave, to how they feel. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. Those with depression will have difficulty doing day to day activities and feel like their life isn’t worth living. A lot of people think it’s a weakness or something that a person can just ‘snap out of’ but it’s not that easy, and may even requireRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Depression1500 Words   |  6 Pagestreating depression? Researchers at the Mayo Clinic define depression as â€Å"a mood disorder that causes sadness and loss of interest† and goes on to say, â€Å"it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a va riety of emotional and physical problems†(Depression). For two years, I knew that something was wrong with me, but the symptoms that I was experiencing didn t mirror anything that I equated with depression. My primary care physician was equally perplexed by my presented symptoms and I wasRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Depression1168 Words   |  5 Pagesand keep worrying about what options are available and not doing your daily routine, you are feeling depression. You may feel that nothing can help but this is very untrue. Most people can recover from many convulsion of depression. After recovering from depression many people look back at it and use it as part of their life experience for those who may have the same symptoms on depression. Depression can make people to change their lifestyle. It’s a serious medical condition in which a person medicalRead MoreDepression : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesDepression is a behavior disorder that can affect many people in the world. This disorder does not only affect adults, but children as well. â€Å"Depression is an episode of sadness or apathy along with other symptoms that lasts two consecutive weeks† according to (http://www.webmd.com/depression/ss/slideshow-depression-overview). A person with depression is affected both physically and emotionally. People can be affected by many types of depression which affects every single person with depression differentlyRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of The Depression Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesClinical depression is a disease that affects many people, ranging from children to elderly adults. Depression is a scary word to many and conjures up ugly, stereotypical images of people being sad all the time and wanting to kill themselves. Depression is treatable, but the same method of treatment will not be effective on every patient. Many people suffering from depression question whether they are actually depressed or just hav ing a bad day. Often times, a person who believes they are sufferingRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of The Depression970 Words   |  4 PagesMajor depression is occurring when you feel depressed most of the time for most of the days of the week. Some symptoms for this type of depression include weight loss or weight gain, suicidal thoughts, being tired, having no energy, feeling guilty, and feeling worthless. Talking to a therapist can help with this. The doctor will usually make you meet with a mental health specialist who will help with the depression you’re feeling. Doctors also recommend antidepressants. If those two things don’tRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Depression1340 Words   |  6 Pagesthat can contribute to one’s depression. Such as, biological, psychological and sociocultural. These factors include emotional symptoms, cognitive symptoms, behavior symptoms, somatic symptoms, and impairment in social and occupational functioning. So, what is depression? Everybody experiences times in their life with feeling blue or sad. Depression, however is a medical condition to where the person feels a stronger sadness for a lot longer than normal. Depression can be mild, severe or chronicRead MoreDepression : Symptoms And Symptoms Of Depression1812 Words   |  8 Pages Jessica Arevalo Park University Depression The word depression comes from the Latin and means a state of affective disorders. Depression is not common as normal fluctuations in emotional life but represents a disease with a clear outline in contrast to a mental disorder. Depression is one of the mild disease and fundamentally temporary (Aguirre, 2008). The different duration and severity depend on the causes and remedy together. It can be part of a psychoneurotic disorder, psychological-physical

William James Free Essays

William James, an American psychologist and philosopher was born on January 11, 1842 at the Astor House in New York City. His father James Sr. is described as an independently wealthy and notoriously eccentric Swedenborgian theologian well acquainted with the literary and intellectual elites of his day. We will write a custom essay sample on William James or any similar topic only for you Order Now (wikipedia, 2011, p. 1) The James family were remarkable epistolary of talents. His brother became a prominent novelist and his sister publicly published a diary. James was a very ill child, who had various amounts of sickness both physical and psychological all growing up and eventually until his death. He attended Harvard Medical School in 1864 and the following year, went on a scientific expedition on the Amazon River. Soon after he fell sick and traveled to Germany in search of a cure and stayed until November 1868. His self diagnosed â€Å"soul-sickness† was cured in 1872. James went on to earn his M. D. in June 1872, although he would never practice medicine. In the same year James began to teach at Harvard University. In his spare time James read philosophy and began to see a link between it and physiology. To James the two seemed to converge in psychology. Morris, Maisto, 2010, p. 6) He published his first textbook, The Principles of Psychology in 1890. He married Alice Gibbons in 1878. William James studied and taught biology, medicine, and psychology but was more interested in the scientific study of the human mind. James’ acquaintances Herman Helmoholtz of Germany Pierre Janet of France implemented courses of scientific psychology at Harvard in the 1875-76 sc hool year. (Shultz, 2004, p. 179). James and associates created the lively group known as The Metaphysical Club in 1872. Some of James’ students included Boris Sidis, Theodore Roosevelt, W. E. B. Dubois, Walter Lipmann, Mary Culkins, Ralph Barton Perry, G. Stanley Hall, Horace Kallen, and George Santayana. William James retried from Harvard University in 1907. James published Pragmatism, Pluralistic Universe and The Meaning Of The Truth. During his last years he became ill again but this time with cardiac pain. James worked on a philosophy text (unfinished but posthumously published as Some Problems In Philosophy. The following year James sailed to Europe to partake in experimental treatments that proved to be unsuccessful. He returned home and finally succumbed to his illness on August 26, 1910 t his home in Chocorua, NH. He was buried at Cambridge Cemetery in Cambridge, MA, in the family plot. (wikipedia, 2011, p. 3) James despite his constant illnesses lived a very prestigious life, he lived out his passions and researched his curiosities. He was one of the strongest proponents of Pragmatism in philosophy and functionalism in psychology. James founded the American Society for Psychical Research. He always challenged his colleagues and students not to let a narrow mindset prevent and honest appraisal of those. (wikipedia, 2001, p. 3) James was found to be the 14th most eminent psychologist of the 20th Century. (Haggbloom, 2002, vol. , 6, No. 2, 139-45) Pragmatism is defined by James as â€Å"truths emerge from facts, but they dip forward into fact again and add to them; which facts again create or reveal new truth (the word is indifferent) and so on indefinitely. The ‘facts’ themselves meanwhile are not true. They simply are. Truth is the function of the beliefs that start and terminate among them. † (Mounce, 1997). â€Å"The Will To Believe† a philosophy of pragmatism and a famous lecture of 1897 by James defended the right to violate the principle of evidentialism to justify hypothesis’ venturing. This theory justifies religious beliefs by using results of his hypothetical venturing to prove support the hypothesis’ truth. â€Å"My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will. † (XXX, 1909, p. 177) James simply asserted that his will was a free two-stage decision process that separates chance, from choice. The Philosophy of Religion was taken very seriously by James he interpreted religious experiences according to his pragmatic conclusions. He claimed that when studying Religion the main topic should be just that, Religion because everything else is just a descendent of Religion. James also said that only a Psychologist can accurately interpret Religious experiences because have the best insight of the human mind. in 1884 William James published an article â€Å"What Is An Emotion? † (psychclassics, 1884, p. 188-205) he conceived of an emotion in terms according to a sequence of events. This article was very important not only because of his remarkable response to the question but also because there were no psychology journals, yet. James felt that emotions were often accompanied by bodily responses. For example If you were to run from a vicious dog, your body will respond to your emotion of fear by heart rate increase, because you ran your body will sweat and/or ache you may also be out of breathe. Basically your body goes through physiological upheaval. Now love has a totally different physiological signature, the parasympathetic nervous system. How to cite William James, Papers

Cross Cultural Management for Values- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCross Cultural Managementfor Values and Norms. Answer: Introduction Culture refers to the way of life of a given group of people that relates to their beliefs, values, and norms. This is symbolic and helps to enhance communication among the people within a group following a certain culture. The common behavior that is followed by the different people within the same origin consist of particular patterns and may either be explicit or implicit. Culture is very important to every person as it gives a sense of identification. While work diversity refers to the number of various differences incurred by people in a given organization. The level at which diversity is experienced in the workplace varies from one firm to the other depending on various social factors. Some of these factors include; gender, race, education level and background, age, personality among others. This form of diversity is very important at workplace and level of success of an organization depends on its ability to work on and embrace diversity. Among the many benefits, some include; enhanced service range increased rate of adaptability among others. Background History, Geography, and National Culture Denmark Denmark is a unified Kingdom where the first humans arrived in 10,000 BC after the last Ice Age. In the 20th century, the country did not act as it remained neutral in the time where First World War was on. In the year 1915, Denmarks constitution was changed making it more democratic as the country has ever granted women the right to vote (BERTELSEN, KOFMANN MUNK , 2011). During the second world, the country remained neutral still but faced a bomb threat from the Germans. In the 1960s, the countrys economy grew and employment opportunities were increased. Unfortunately, in the 1970s the economy deteriorated to a level where the unemployment rate raised to a situation where it was threatening resulting to inflation. In the 21st century, the Danish economy improved and the rate of unemployment reduced to a manageable level, though suffered a recession in 2009, it later recovered. Denmark in modern today has prospered with a population of 5.6 million who have a high living standard. It s located in the northern Europe with several Islands in the Baltic Sea (HOPKINS, 2013). Denmarks national culture has a rich and intellectual covered by artistic themes. Malaysia Among the first groups to settle in Malaysia and are still there in present today are the Orang easily and the Penan of Sarawak among others. The first settlers were in about a 100 BC. It consists of a total of 13 states with its largest city in Kuala Lumpur also its capital. The country has a monarchy system of governance that helps to maintain order in the country but not lead by a coalition party (MILNER, ABDUL THAM, 2014). The increased effect of the economy resulted in the formation of new economic policy that enhanced economic revolution till the early 1970s. Administration of the present leader Dr. Mahathir Mohamad enhanced support to help acquire resources. With increased number of growing industries, the country has grown its economy. The country is located in the Southeast Asia with numerous small islands. The countrys national culture was a policy developed in 1970 and emphasizes the need for assimilation of all non-citizens into the country to be among the citizens and f ollow Malaysia culture. Cross-Cultural Dimensions The cultural dimensions between the two countries are similar as they are meant to help improve the nature of the society. These dimensions are power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity. Leadership styles in both countries vary in that, leadership in Denmark is hierarchical but at a low level and everybody is favored with the ability to participate in the employment sector. While in Malaysia, leaders are to be respected ultimately with no question as they make the rules and are believed to be the best and so cannot be questioned and if so there are consequences to following. In communication, Danes people restrict the use of body language as it can be misinterpreted and advocate for use of humor in business, while the Malaysia people advocate for both verbal and non-verbal means of communication (GILL, 2013). Decision making in Denmark is made by leaders but inconsiderate of the citizens wishes (HASSELBALCH, 2010), while in Malaysia, a decision made by the leader is final and the citizen has to follow without questioning. In both countries, managing teams are strong and lead by their specific systems of governance. In both countries, decision making is by the elected leaders who are also the main overseers of the countries developments. The value system in the two countries vary as the cultures exhibited are different (ABU, 2014). Malaysia allows advent assimilation of non-citizens while Denmark does not. In Denmark, the employees have a right to contribute to decision making by giving their views while in Malaysia only the leaders are the sole makers of the rules and the citizens should solely follow the rules without deviating. References HOPKINS, D. P. (2013). Peter Thonning and Denmark's Guinea Commission: a study in nineteenth-century African colonial geography. Leiden, Brill. GILL, S. K. (2013). Language policy challenges in multi-ethnic Malaysia. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1593339. MILNER, A. C., ABDUL RAHMAN EMBONG, THAM, S. Y. (2014). Transforming Malaysia: dominant and competing paradigms. BERTELSEN, E., KOFMANN, M., MUNK PLUM, J. (2011). Competition law in Denmark. Alphen aan den Rijn, Kluwer Law International. HASSELBALCH, O. (2010). Labour law in Denmark. [Copenhagen?], Austin, Tex. ABU TALIB AHMAD. (2014). Museums, history, and culture in Malaysia.

After The Atomic Bomb Essays - Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear Warfare

After The Atomic Bomb Introduction The development and usage of the first atomic bombs has caused a change in military, political, and public functionality of the world today. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki revolutionized warfare by killing large masses of civilian population with a single strike. The bombs effects from the blast, extreme heat, and radiation left an estimated 140,000 people dead. The bombs created a temporary resolution that lead to another conflict. The Cold War was a political standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States that again created a new worldwide nuclear threat. The destructive potential of nuclear weapons had created a global sweep of fear as to what might happen if these terrible forces where unleashed again. The technology involved in building the first atomic bombs has grown into the creation of nuclear weapons that are potentially 40 times more powerful than the original bombs used. However, a military change in strategy has came to promote nuclear disarmament and pr event the usage of nuclear weapons. The technology of building the atomic bomb has spurred some useful innovations that can be applied through the use of nuclear power. The fear of a potential nuclear attack had been heightened by the media and its release of movies impacting on public opinion and fear of nuclear devastation. The lives lost after the detonation of the atomic bombs have become warning signs that changed global thinking and caused preventative actions. The Atomic Bomb The devastation brought about by the atomic bomb has caused fear among all the people that have realized the potential destructive power of its invention. The atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945 completely obliterated both cities (Lanouette 30). Little Boy, the bomb dropped on Hiroshima killed 70,000 people with an additional 66,000 injured (30-39). Fat Man, the bomb dropped on Nagasaki also carried its share of Americas duty by killing 40,000 people and injuring another 25,000 (30-39). The bombs also killed an estimated 230,000 more people from the after effects of the two explosions (30). The two bombings had opened the worlds eyes to the destructive power that could be unleashed by man. The bombs had raised hell on earth for those few minutes and produced a tremendous amount of casualties. The way people had died was shocking. More than 75% of the people killed died from the instantaneous heat and light at the moment of explosion called flash burns (Summary of Damages and Injuries 3, 25). During the first minute of the explosion many injuries where caused by the instantaneous penetrating radiation from the nuclear explosion (3). Other casualties came from burning fires that had ignited throughout the cities from the tremendous heat of the blast (3). The pressure of the blast waves created flying debris, collapsed buildings, and forcibly hurled people to their death (3). Undoubtedly those who survived the initial effects of the blast were very lucky. The amount of deaths caused by the blast itself was incomparable to the number of lives lost to the other effects after the initial explosion (Summary of Damages and Injuries 3). The inferno created by the bomb wasnt from the explosion itself, but the after effects of fires, collapsed buildings, and flying debris (3). In Hiroshima fires sprang up simultaneously all over the wide flat central area of the city; these fires combined to form immense fire storms which continued to destroy anything that had not already been destroyed by the blast. Buildings that had encountered considerable structure damage collapsed and continued to take even more lives (13). In the end both cities were left totally obliterated with nearly all of their residential districts and businesses flattened and most of their citizens dead (14). The technology that had built the atomic bomb helped the world [get] a glimpse of its own mortality (Lanouette 28). The power of mass destruction had been taken out of natures hands and was now controlled by people. This created a worldwide anxiety of how this newly cast power could be used and changed how the world functions today. The atomic bombs may have resolved one conflict, but with that resolution arose many more. The controversy over nuclear weapons would soon take

The Ultimate Punishment for The Ultimate Crime essays

The Ultimate Punishment for The Ultimate Crime essays People often argue that the death penalty is wrong and inhuman and that life in prison would be a harsher or better punishment. When comparing the death penalty to life in prison you will find many arguments in favor of each one. There are more for the death penalty though. The death penalty is the ultimate punishment for the ultimate crime to where as life is just a slap on the wrist saying you were wrong so you have to live in prison. Another argument would be that the death penalty deters crime while prison doesnt. Then finally when on death role you are in solitary confinement and not with the general population when you are sentenced to life. The death penalty is a much better way to deal with criminals and deter up and coming ones. The death penalty is the harshest punishment that one can receive for the ultimate crime. When someone takes a life, the balance of justice is disturbed. Why should someone who killed innocent people for their own enjoyment be allowed to live? The death penalty is a way to deter crime as well. Only the taking of the murderer's life restores the balance and allows society to show that murder is an intolerable crime which will be punished. If everyone sees that if they commit a crime that takes another persons life that their life will be taken as well they may not commit the crime. Although the victim and the victim's family cannot be restored to the way things were before the murder, at least an execution brings closure to the crime and closure to the incident for the victim's family and also ensures that the murderer will not be able to add anymore victims to his or her list. For the most cruel and brutal crimes, the ones where the death penalty is applied, offenders deser ve the worst punishment under our system of law, and that is the death penalty. Any lesser punishment would weaken the value society places on protecting lives. We have always used punishment to discourage ...

World War II and the Role of Women Research Paper

World War II and the Role of Women - Research Paper Example The businesses and industries of America required labor for their continued functionalities due to which, they recruited women in place of men, as the war required a major contribution from men in order to secure the homeland. According to Marc Miller (1980), â€Å"the war led to a dramatic rise in the number of women working in the United States† (42). Women that previously worked in homes and managed only their homes came out during the war in order to save their country from economic downfall. Ellen J. Babb (1994) informs that women were supported by the government and private sector (43). In fact, they were not only supported but also encouraged to work for their country’s welfare by getting employment in business and industrial sector. Women volunteered for the employment offered by the government and private sector, as their services were acutely required by the state. The lives of women changed as a whole, as because of their work outside their homes, they got recognition and respect, as they never enjoyed before. It was during the war that women were considered as a substitute for men; otherwise, they were regarded as less capable in comparison to men. The jobs offered to the women were temporary and there was a plan to ask the women to go back to their previous household activities when the war was over (Anderson 78). Women were not only required to manage the outside works but also their children, which was there all time job. According to Babb (1994), â€Å"One thing they had to do was find new ways to balance family and work roles† (46). The lives of American woman transformed as previously they were only to manage their homes and children but then, during the war, they were to protect the economy of their country and help it to sustain while their children and their homes were their responsibility as before. They had to do manage many works whether they were home related or work related.  

Women's suffrage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women's suffrage - Essay Example It is against these back drops that I want to bring to your attention the historical background of women suffrage, and finally deal with the missing link, argument against women suffrage. To achieve this objective, I have arranged my paper, into two main parts, in the first part, I have discussed broadly about the history of human suffrage, and then on the last part, I have considered the arguments against, women suffrage. To begin with I need to provide, the historical background of women suffrage, and it is to this that I now start with In 1776 Abigail Adams had written to her husband John Adams to ask him to remember ladies when they wrote the new laws. But the next year women lost the right to vote in New York. Three years later women lost their rights of vote in Massachusetts. And In 1784 women also lost their rights voting in New Hampshire. â€Å"Three years later voting qualifications were placed in the hands of the states by the U.S. Constitutional Convention, and women lost the right to vote in all states but New Jersey. Women lost their rights of voting in New Jersey in the year 1807† (Timeline of Womens Suffrage in the United States 2012). Anti-slavery associations were formed in the early 1830’s. In 1836 Angelina Grimke appealed to southern women by speaking out against slavery. And the Pastoral Letter of General Association of Massachusetts to Congressional Churches Under Their Care were put into operation against women speaking about slavery in a negative way in a public place (Liddington 1978). In 1840 a World Anti-Slavery Convention was held in London but women were prohibited from being a part due to their sex. Elizabeth Cady Stanton presented the Equal Voting Rights at the first Women’s Rights Convention held in the Seneca Fall, in New York in 1848. Another Women’s Rights Convention was held two years later in Salem, Ohio. That same year the first National Women’s Rights Convention was held in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1861 in

Madison Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Madison Debate - Essay Example On the other hand, Mr. Randolph proposed the formation of a national government consisting of three branches that include supreme legislative, executive, and judiciary (Lillian Goldman Law Library 1). He also proposed two branches for the national legislature. In the New Jersey plan, Mr. Patterson proposed one house in the Congress while in the Virginia plan Mr. Randolph proposed two houses in the Congress (Lillian Goldman Law Library 1). In the New Jersey plan, the Union States in Congress elected the congressional members while in the Virginia plan the people of the several states elected the congressional members (Lillian Goldman Law Library 1). The two plans defined terms of service for the legislative branch where in the Virginia plan, the congressional members served for a term of three years while in the New Jersey plan the congressional members served for one term of unspecified years (Lillian Goldman Law Library 1). There are differences in congressional representation in the Virginia plan by Mr. Randolph and the New Jersey plan by Mr. Patterson. The New Jersey plan determines a states members based on the number of white & other free citizens & inhabitants of every age sex and condition (Lillian Goldman Law Library 1). On the other hand, the Virginia plan determines a states members based on the limits of the Union States from a voluntary junction of Government & territory or otherwise (Lillian Goldman Law Library 1). In both plans, the votes by states in Congress define the powers of the Congress and determine the management and operations of Union states. Moreover, congressional power differs in the two plans where powers of the Congress with relation to the New Jersey plan helps in passing acts for raising a revenue, making rules & regulations, and altering and amending the acts as they deem fit (Lillian Goldman Law Library

Kachrus Three Circle Model Evaluation

Kachrus Three Circle Model Evaluation The Three-circle Model of World Englishes was developed by Kachru in 1985 and it remains one of the most influential models for grouping the varieties of English in the world (Mollin, 2006, p.41). Kachru (1985) described the spread of English in terms of three concentric circles: the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle. These circles represent the type of spread, the patterns of acquisition and the functional domains in which English is used across cultures and languages (Kachru, 1985, p.12). Although Kachrus three-circle of English is still an important initial stepping stone for the division of Englishes, drawbacks and variations have been identified by several authors, including Kachru himself (Yoneoka, 2002). The Kachrus Three-circle Model will be introduced and evaluated in this paper. In the Kachrus Three-circle Model, the Inner Circle Kachrus model refers to the traditional bases of English, dominated by the mother-tongue varieties, where English acts as a first language (White, 1997). The countries involved in the Inner Circle include the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The varieties of English used here are said to be norm providing. The Outer Circle consists of the earlier phases of the spread of English in non-native settings, where the language has become part of a countrys chief institutions, and plays an important second language role in a multilingual setting (Rajadurai, 2005). Most of the countries included in the Outer Circle are former colonies of the UK or the USA, such as Malaysia, Singapore, India, Ghana, Kenya and others (Rajadurai, 2005). The English used in the outer circle is considered as norm-developing. The Expanding Circle refers to the territories where English is learnt as a foreign language. The territories do not have a h istory of colonization by members of the Inner Circle and institutional or social role. English is taught as a foreign language as the most useful vehicle of international communication (White, 1997). The countries in the Expanding Circle include China, Japan, Greece and Poland (Crsytal, 1997). The English used in the Expanding Circle is regarded as norm dependent. The Kachrus model is in a dynamic nature. According to Kachru (1985), dividing English speakers into Inner, Outer and Expanding circles is preferable to the traditional native, ESL and EFL labels which involve the dichotomy between native and nonnative speakers (Rajadurai, 2005). English native speakers are visually not privileged since they are not placed at the top of the Three-circle Model. However, the model is not sufficiently dynamic to reflect the reality of English use in the world. It still prefers the English native speakers in the inner circle. The limitations of the model will be discussed in the following. According to Patil (2006), the model assumes that the three circles represent linguistic reality perfectly. Kachru (1985) himself has noted that the concentric circles may be oversimplified and fuzzy areas exist. Some special cases like South Africa and Jamaica are difficult to be classified. As Kachru himself has acknowledged, the fact is that the categories are not necessarily mutually exclusive and grey areas exist between the circles (Rajadurai, 2005). Apart from the fuzzy classification between circles, Tripathi (1998) points out that there are no mechanisms to differentiate varieties within a circle. Therefore, Crystal (1997) suggests not defining the boundaries of Kachrus concentric circles in such absolute terms. Kachrus model describes the Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle as norm-providing, norm-developing and norm-dependent. However, Crystal (1995) comments that the model cannot represent the reality of international English use because the reality is often not so clear-cut. Crystal wonders it is difficult to distinguish whether the Outer Circle looks to Inner Circle norms or it creates its own norms. Norms development is also possible in the Expanding Circle. The Three-circle Model fails to consider the growth of English in the world. It cannot account for the growing use of English, namely English as a lingua franca between speakers who do not share a first language (Mollin, 2006, p.41-42). English is now overwhelmingly widespread in international settings. It is the language choice in international organizations, companies as well as academic world (Katzner, 2002, p.39). It is also commonly used in the domains of the internet, international mass media and entertainment (Phillipson 1992). Crystal (1997, p.22) states that the speed with which a global language scenario has arisen is truly remarkable. The so called Expanding Circle of foreign language speakers included more than 750 million EFL speakers in 1997, compared to 375 million first language speakers and 375 million second language speakers. It is important to point out that the number of English users is developing at a faster rate as a language of international communication than as a language of intranational communication (Thesis, 2009). International communicat ion has become a common phenomenon between the circles and the increased mobility of people has made personal relationships across language borders (Thesis, 2009). Kachrus concentric circles seem to acknowledge diversity but little commonality across Englishes, describing the English varieties as separate (Burt, 2005). Due to the increasing international communication, the distinction between the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle becomes fuzzy and cannot account for the growing use of English in todays world. In the Kachrus model, the Expanding Circle refers to the territories where English is learnt as a foreign language. However, because of the growth of English, the language has become a necessity in todays world; English is not only learnt in the expanding circle, or even mostly, to enable communication with the Inner and Outer Circles (Patil, 2006). The importance of English is keep increasing in the world, especially in the Expanding Circle. As a result, learning English can no longer be seen as learning a foreign language in the traditional sense (Patil, 2006). Graddol (2006) has even argued that knowing English has become a basic skill in the global world. Nunan shares the same feeling with Graddol that knowing English makes more sense than simply learning English for EFL or ESL (Robertson, 2005). The functions of English are highly restricted in the Expanding Circle which can not reflect the actual use of English. Englishes in the Expanding Circle are seen as far removed from the Inner Circle core and marginalized. As the description of the Expanding Circle mentioned in Kachru (1992), The performance varieties of English have a highly restricted functional range in specific contexts; for example, those of tourism, commerce, and other international transactions. In fact, the range of English use in the Expanding Circle has become much wider due to the increasing growth of English. There is much more use of English nowadays in some countries of the expanding circle, where it is only a foreign language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, than in some of the countries where it has traditionally held a special place (Crystal, 1997, p. 56). For example, although Egyptian English is classified in the Expanding Circle, there are a number of Egyptian contexts, such as medicine, higher education, the sci ences, or in tourism, which extend limbs into the Outer circle as well. (Yoneoka, 2002). The above example shows that the functions of Expanding Circle English today are not as restricted as Karchru mentioned. It can be observed that there is a merging of the Outer and Expanding Circles. The Three-circle Model implies that the Outer Circle cannot merge into the Inner Circle (Patil, 2006). However, sometimes it is difficult to define which one owns English as the first language and which one knows English as a second language. There are several countries where population movement, language loss, divergent language attitudes, and massive shifts in language use have made it difficult to answer the question: What is your first language?(Crystal, 1995, p. 363). Therefore, not only the classification between the Outer and Expanding Circles, that between Inner Circle and Outer Circles can also be tough. Some researchers suggest that Kachrus Three-circle Model should not base the classification of English speakers on national identity. National identity should not be a basis of classification of speakers of an international language. The more English becomes an international language, the more the division of its speakers into native and nonnative becomes inconsistent. (Brutt-Griffler and Samimy, 2001, p.104). Refer to this problem; Rajadurai (2005) has presented a different Three-Circle Model: While acknowledging the fuzzy distinctions between circles, in principle, the inner circle could comprise all users who are proficient in English and able to instinctively codeswitch between international and national or regional varieties to communicate in the most appropriate way. The second circle could consist of speakers who are proficient only in regional varieties, i.e. native and nonnative speakers with restricted intranational proficiency, while the outer circle could be made up of le arners of the language. Although English native speakers visually do not have higher hierarchy since they are not placed at the top of the Three-circle Model, it still prefers the English native speakers in the inner circle. As Burt (2005) comments, the Inner Circle clearly establishes at the top of the hierarchy. The idea that English is someones second language implies that it is someone elses first language. It gives the impression that English belongs to the native speaker who owns it as his first language. Kachru has acknowledged that it is almost unavoidable that anyone would take second as less worthy (Kachru and Nelson, 1996, p.79). In order to ease the problem, Yano (2001, p.122-123) has suggested that the ENL and ESL circles can merge into a single ENL circle with two sets of varieties: genetic and functional ENL. To conclude, Kachru Three-Circle model has limitations to reflect the reality of English use. The model is oversimplified and the classification among the three circles is fuzzy. In fact, the three varieties are mutually inclusive and grey areas exist. Due to the rapid growth of English, English status has increased in the Expanding Circle. English is not only learnt but more widely used in different settings. The classification between the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle becomes difficult. Therefore, the Three-circle Model should be modified to a more dynamic one to represent the actual use of English. Instead of categorizing the English speakers based on national identity, the revised model can be classified in terms of the English proficiency in international and regional varieties. More research related to World Englishes should also be conducted in the future to meet the rapid growth of English.

Executing the Innocent :: capital punishment essays

The risk of executing innocent persons is a decisive objection to the institution of capital punishment in the United States. Consequentialist arguments for the death penalty are inconclusive at best; the strongest justification is a retributive one. However, this argument is seriously undercut if a significant risk of executing the innocent exists. Any criminal justice system carries the risk of punishing innocent persons, but the punishment of death is unique and requires greater precautions. Retributive justifications for the death penalty are grounded in respect for innocent victims of homicide; but accepting serious risks of mistaken executions demonstrates disrespect for innocent human life. United States Supreme Court decisions of the 1990’s (Coleman v. Thompson and Herrara v. Collins) illustrate the existence of serious risk and suggest some explanations for it. I live in a city (Philadelphia, PA) whose District Attorney seeks the death penalty more often, and with greater success, than any other D.A. in the United States. In Philadelphia, as elsewhere in the U.S., the majority of defendants in capital trials are poor, and rely on court appointed defense lawyers paid by the local jurisdiction. It is no coincidence that a city which sends large numbers of convicted murderers to death row has "an unusually impoverished system" for representing indigent defendants. According to Tina Rosenberg, where private attorneys "routinely" charge $50,000 to defend a capital case, Philadelphia pays court-appointed lawyers a $1700 flat fee for preparation and $400 for each day in court. The executive administrator of Philadelphia's courts reckons that this averages $3519 a case.(1) Those numbers help to explain why District Attorney Lynn Abraham's department has such a high percentage of homicide defendants sentenced to death. They also suggest that Philadelphia runs an especially great risk of sending to death row some persons who are innocent of the crime for which they were convicted. But why does Philadelphia ask for the death penalty so often—in Rosenberg's words, "virtually as often as the law will allow"? (320) D.A. Abraham says that she considers herself the representative of the victim and the victim's family, and that the death penalty is the right thing to do for them. (321) This is essentially a retributive rationale for capital punishment. The risk of executing innocent human beings is the focus of this paper. I believe that this risk is so significant that it constitutes a decisive reason for the abolition of capital punishment in the United States.